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# Chinese developers released the most models trained with over 10²³ FLOP in 2025: 62, against 31 from the US
- URL: https://aiadoption.org/data/ai-models-over-1e23-flop-by-country/
- Published: 2026-10-31T11:11:01.000Z
- Updated: 2026-11-03T20:40:16.000Z
- Description: Epoch AI counts 104 models released in 2025 that were trained with more than 10²³ FLOP: 62 from Chinese organisations and 31 from US ones. Large training runs are no longer rare.
- Author: Manu
- Tags: Data, AI Models, Large Language Models, #chart, #hub-models

62

▲ 77% vs 2024

models over 10²³ FLOP, 2025

20202025

## What the chart shows

Training compute of 10²³ FLOP was the frontier in 2020, when GPT-3 used about 3×10²³. By 2025 it was routine: Epoch AI counts 104 models released that year above it, 62 from Chinese organisations, 31 from US ones and 11 from elsewhere.

Chinese developers release many mid-sized models, while the very largest runs are mostly American (see the [related chart](https://aiadoption.org/data/us-vs-china-ai-training-compute/)). 2026 so far: 12 from China and 10 from the US.

## Key numbers

| Measure                 | Value |
| ----------------------- | ----- |
| United States, 2025     | 31    |
| China, 2025             | 62    |
| Rest of the world, 2025 | 11    |
| All countries, 2025     | 104   |
| United States, 2023     | 21    |
| China, 2023             | 26    |

## How to read it

- Epoch AI’s database of large-scale models: every model with a training-compute estimate above 10²³ FLOP, notable or not. Models whose compute Epoch could not estimate are left out.
- A model from organisations in several countries counts once for each group.
- Full calendar years only.

**Source:** [Epoch AI](https://aiadoption.org/sources/#epoch-ai), 2026: [Data on AI models](https://epoch.ai/data/ai-models?ref=aiadoption.org), read 3 November 2026\. Chart and text by AI Adoption.  
Numbers checked against the published data on 3 November 2026.  
[Download the data (CSV)](https://charts.aiadoption.org/ai-index/csv/ai-models-over-1e23-flop-by-country.csv?ref=aiadoption.org) · [Cite this chart](#source)