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# 25 AI models have been trained with more than 10²⁵ FLOP, the EU AI Act's systemic-risk threshold; 18 are American
- URL: https://aiadoption.org/data/ai-models-over-1e25-flop-eu-ai-act/
- Published: 2026-10-31T11:11:05.000Z
- Updated: 2026-11-03T20:40:18.000Z
- Description: Epoch AI counts 25 models trained with more than 10²⁵ FLOP, the level at which the EU AI Act presumes systemic risk: 18 from US organisations, 5 from China and 2 from elsewhere. Seven were released in 2026 so far.
- Author: Manu
- Tags: Data, AI Models, Large Language Models, #chart, #hub-models

25

AI models trained with more than 10²⁵ FLOP, the EU AI Act's systemic-risk threshold (18 US, 5 China)

## What the chart shows

The EU AI Act presumes that a general-purpose model trained with more than 10²⁵ FLOP poses systemic risk, which brings extra duties. Epoch AI counts 25 models above that line so far: 18 from US organisations, 5 from Chinese ones and 2 from elsewhere.

The first was Gemini 1.0 Ultra (2023); 7 have been released in 2026 so far. Many of these figures are Epoch’s estimates, because developers rarely publish their training compute.

## Key numbers

| Measure                                 | Value     |
| --------------------------------------- | --------- |
| United States                           | 18        |
| China                                   | 5         |
| Rest of the world                       | 2         |
| Released in 2026 so far                 | 7         |
| First above it: Gemini 1.0 Ultra (2023) | 5.0×10^25 |

## How to read it

- Models with an Epoch AI training-compute estimate above 10²⁵ FLOP, from its large-scale models database; a model from organisations in several countries counts once for each group.
- The EU AI Act threshold is in Article 51; the Commission can change it.
- The current year is incomplete.

**Source:** [Epoch AI](https://aiadoption.org/sources/#epoch-ai), 2026: [Data on AI models](https://epoch.ai/data/ai-models?ref=aiadoption.org), read 3 November 2026\. Chart and text by AI Adoption.  
Numbers checked against the published data on 3 November 2026.  
**Updated 3 Nov 2026:** Updated from Epoch AI's data read 2026-11-03: the key number went from 24 to 25\. [Every chart change →](https://aiadoption.org/changelog/)  
[Download the data (CSV)](https://charts.aiadoption.org/ai-index/csv/ai-models-over-1e25-flop-eu-ai-act.csv?ref=aiadoption.org) · [Cite this chart](#source)