372
▲ 2.1× vs 2024
publications on medical digital twins in 2025
20152025
What the chart shows
A medical digital twin is a computer model of an individual patient that updates with new data and is used to forecast or test treatments. RAISE Health counted 372 publications on them in 2025, 2.1 times the 176 of 2024; there were none before 2018.
Definitions vary: a 2025 review cited by the AI Index found that only 12.1% of 149 studies of human digital twins met the US National Academies’ definition, which requires personalisation, dynamic updating and prediction.
Key numbers
| Measure | Value |
|---|---|
| 2025 | 372 |
| 2024 | 176 |
| 2023 | 116 |
| 2021 | 47 |
| 2018 | 1 |
How to read it
- Publications identified by RAISE Health as being about medical digital twins.
- The data file numbers this chart 6.2.11; it is figure 6.2.10 in the report, which we cite.
Source: RAISE Health, 2026, via the AI Index Report 2026 (Stanford HAI), figure 6.2.10: Number of publications on medical digital twins, 2015–25. Chart and text by AI Adoption.
Numbers checked against the published data on 20 October 2026.
Download the data (CSV) · Cite this chart
Numbers checked against the published data on 20 October 2026.
Download the data (CSV) · Cite this chart
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