98
▲ 21% vs 2024
of 2025's 107 notable AI models came from industry alone
20032025
What the chart shows
Companies working without academic partners built 98 of the 107 notable AI models released in 2025, up from 69 in 2023. Universities on their own released 2, down from 21 in 2014.
Joint industry–academia models peaked at 29 in 2023 and fell to 5 in 2025.
Key numbers
| Measure | Value |
|---|---|
| Industry, 2025 | 98 |
| Industry–academia, 2025 | 5 |
| Academia, 2025 | 2 |
| Other, 2025 | 2 |
| Academia, 2014 | 21 |
How to read it
- Sector is based on the organisations credited for each model: all companies (industry), all universities (academia), a mix of both (collaboration), or other types such as research collectives and government.
- Full calendar years only.
Source: Epoch AI, Data on AI models (CC BY 4.0), accessed 19 October 2026. Analysis and chart by AI Adoption, following the method of the AI Index Report 2026 (Stanford HAI), figure 1.1.4.
Numbers checked against the published data on 19 October 2026.
Download the data (CSV) · Cite this chart
Numbers checked against the published data on 19 October 2026.
Download the data (CSV) · Cite this chart
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